Škola letenja
1. Uvod: Promjena smjera pomoću komandi dubine, nagiba i zakretanja2. Taksiranje i uzlijetanje
3. Valjak s krilcima
4. Razdvojeni-S i Imelman
5. Vizualno slijetanje
1. Uvod: Promjena smjera pomoću komandi dubine, nagiba i zakretanja
1. Dobro došli u LockOn osnovni tečaj letačke obuke na zrakoplovu A-10A "Thunderbolt-II", iz ljubavi nazvanog "Warthog" (divlja svinja).
Tijekom misije ne mijenjajte poglede ili razine zuma.
2. A-10 je razvijen u SAD. To je zrakoplov za blisku zračnu podršku koji je pouzdan, izdržljiv i jednostavan za letenje i pogonjen s dva turbofenska motora.
3. Ovo je uvodna lekcija koja opisuje neke letne informacije prikazane na providnom zaslonu (Heads Up Display - HUD) i osnovne kontrole dubine, nagiba i zakretanja.
4. U bilo kojem trenutku možete preuzeti kontrolu nad zrakoplovom ili napustiti misiju pritiskom tipke "Esc". Ako trebate zaustaviti lekciju jer želite ponovno pročitati podnaslove, pritisnite tipku za pauzu "Pause".
5. Uz vrh HUD možete vidjeti vektor ukupne brzine (Total Velocity Vector - TVV) i ljestvicu poniranja. TVV će uvijek prikazivati vektor trenutne brzine zrakoplova ili smjer kretanja. Na primjer: ako se približavate brdu, možete namjestiti TVV neposredno iznad krijeste da biste je preletjeli.
6. Ljestvica poniranja kopira umjetni horizont na instrumentalnoj ploči i prikazuje vertikalan položaj uzdužne osi zrakoplova u odnosu na horizont. 7. Ljestvica poniranja ima oznake na razmaku od 5°. Neprekinuta linija na 0°predstavlja horizont. Iznad nje su kraće neprekinute linije koje predstavljaju pozitivne kutove uspinjanja, a ispod nje su kratke crtkane linije koje predstavljaju negativne kutove poniranja.
8. Kad se zrakoplov valja, ljestvica poniranja ostaje stabilizirana u odnosu na horizont, kako bi se prikazalo valjanje zrakoplova čak i kad pravi horizont nije vidljiv.
9. Uz lijevi rub HUD prikazana je digitalna vrijednost indicirane brzine (IAS) u čvorovima (nautičke milje na sat).
10. Uz desni rub HUD prikazana je digitalna vrijednost barometarske visine iznad razine mora (ASL).
11. Trenutni kut poniranja prikazan je ispod barometarske visine. Negativna vrijednost predstavlja negativno poniranje, a pozitivna predstavlja pozitivno uspinjanje.
12. Vrijednost radarske visine prikazana je ispod ljestvice radarske visine i može se prepoznati pomoću slova "R". Ona je prikazana na HUD samo kad je zrakoplov ispod visine od 5.000 stopa i kad nagib valjanja nije veći od 45°. U protivnom, radarski visinomjer ne može primati reflektirani signal s tla.
13. Traka smjera prikazana je ispod ljestvice poniranja. Oznaka trokuta naznačuje vaš trenutni smjer.
14. Korištenjem HUD možete letjeti zrakoplovom bez vanjske vidljivosti. Ovo je sve što vam je potrebno znati o HUD tijekom ove lekcije.
15. Da biste promijenili kut poniranja, odnosno podigli ili spustili nos zrakoplova, potrebno je upravljati kormilima dubine putem povlačenja ili guranja upravljačke palice.
16. Za valjanje zrakoplova oko njegove uzdužne osi potrebno je upravljati krilcima putem pomicanja upravljačke palice ulijevo ili udesno.
17. Smjer zrakoplova možete promijeniti pomoću kontrola kormila smjera. Pritiskom lijeve pedale ili tipke "Z" na tipkovnici zakrenut ćete nos ulijevo, a pritiskom desne pedale li tipke "X" zakrenut ćete nos zrakoplova udesno.
18. Obzirom da je zrakoplov opremljen prigušnikom zakretanja, primjena kormila smjera u letu rijetko će biti potrebna, osim u slučaju kvara motora ili vrtnje zrakoplova. 19. S vaše lijeve strane možete vidjeti zračnu luku Suhumi, dok su ispred vas veličanstvene planine Kavkaza.
20. Obratite pažnju na trenutne parametre leta. Letimo na 5.000 stopa i ubrzavamo do 300 čvorova u smjeru 360°. Tijekom uspinjanja i poniranja potrebno je nadzirati ljestvicu poniranja, pokazivač visine uz desni rub HUD i indiciranu brzinu (IAS) uz lijevu rub HUD.
21. Ovo je uspinjanje. Uočite pozitivan kut ljestvice poniranja, povećanje visine i smanjivanje brzine.
22. Ovo je poniranje. Uočite negativan kut ljestvice poniranja, smanjenje visine i povećanje brzine.
23. Promjena smjera s nagnutim zaokretom zahtjeva male pokrete upravljačke palice. Nagnimo zrakoplov približno 30° i promatrajmo ljestvicu smjera kako bismo nadzirali napredovanje zaokreta.
24. Povećajmo nagib na 60°. S povećanjem nagiba nos zrakoplova počinje padati zbog smanjenog uzgona uslijed kuta nagiba. Da bismo kompenzirali, potrebno je lagano povući palicu na sebe i povećati snagu motora kako bismo održali visinu i brzinu.
25. Čim se naš smjer obrne, odnosno bude 180°, nagnut ćemo zrakoplov u suprotnu stranu pomakom palice ulijevo i održavanjem zaokreta dok se ne vratimo u smjer od 360°.
26. Vježbajte dok ne uspijete održavati zaokrete poput ovog, uz odstupanja koja nisu veća od 200 stopa i 20 čvorova. Kad to uspijete izvesti više puta, letjet ćete poput profesionalca.
27. Sad je vaš red da pokušate.
2. Taksiranje i uzlijetanje
1. Dobro došli u lekciju obuke o uzlijetanju i slijetanju na zrakoplovu MiG-29. Ovaj ruski lovac pogonjen je s dva turbofenska motora i opremljen je brojnim sustavima koji mu omogućuju izvođenje borbenih zadaća u svako doba dana i u svim meteorološkim uvjetima. 2. U ovoj lekciji proučit ćemo neke sustave zrakoplova i uvježbati pokretanje motora, taksiranja i uzlijetanja. U bilo kojem trenutku možete preuzeti kontrolu nad zrakoplovom ili napustiti misiju pritiskom tipke "Esc". Za pauziranje lekcije pritisnite tipku "Pause".
3. Da biste pokrenuli motore, prvo gas postavite u prazan hod, a zatim uključite navigacijska svjetla pritiskom tipki "DCtrl + L". Da biste pokrenuli lijevi motor, pritisnite "DAlt + Home" i provjerite odgovarajuće svjetlosno upozorenje na ploči upozorenja.
4. Svjetlo upozorenja isključit će se tijekom zapuštanja motora. Ako morate pogasiti motor, pritisnite "DAlt + End" za lijevi motor, odnosno "DCtrl + End" za desni motor.
5. Monitor the spool-up process by watching the engine RPM indicator and listening to the engine to ensure that RPM is climbing. At the same time, monitor the engine exhaust gas temperature (EGT) to make sure the engine does not over-heat.
6. The left engine is now spooled-up and running at an Idle power setting of 65% RPM and a normal EGT, indicating that the start was successful. Now start the right engine by pressing "RCTRL-HOME" and monitor the RPM and EGT.
7. While the right engine is spooling up, let"s take a look at the instrument panel.
8. This is the Indicated Airspeed (IAS) indicator, showing the current IAS between 0 and 1,000 km/h.
9. This is the barometric or pressure altimeter, showing the current altitude above sea level (ASL) in meters.
10. This is the Vertical Velocity Indicator (VVI) , which includes a turn and slip indicator. This instrument shows the aircraft"s current climb and descent rates, as well as turn rate and slip angle. The VVI is marked up to 200 m/s of climb and descent. The turn indicator is marked up to 3 degrees/s. The slip indicator is not marked and is used to coordinate turns by keeping the ball centered in the tube.
11. This is the Mechanical Devices Indicator, which shows the current state of the landing gear, flaps, airbrake and braking chute.
Now we have enough information to complete this training lesson.
12. Lower the flaps to the take-off position by pressing the "F" key and monitoring the Mechanical Devices Indicator.
13. Control engine thrust by moving the throttle or by pressing the "+" and "-" keys.
14. Turn on the taxi lights by pressing "RALT-L".
Increase RPM to overcome the standing inertia and start rolling.
Close the canopy by pressing "LCTRL-C".
15. As soon as the aircraft begins to move, check the wheel brakes with a short press of the "W" key.
16. To turn the aircraft, use left and right rudder input or press the "Z" and "X" keys. In general, try to keep the aircraft moving along the white taxi lines along the center of the tarmac. Control your speed with the throttle and wheel brakes to keep it between 20-30 km/h.
17. The runway threshold is on our right. Reduce power and apply the wheel brakes to stop, and visually check for traffic to runway 22.
18. There are the famous "Swifts" flight demonstration team, flying MiG-29s not too dissimilar to our own. They are practicing a high speed turn over the runway.
19. Contact the tower to request clearance to taxi by pressing the "", "F6" and "F2" keys.
20. Now that the runway is clear, we can taxi out to the runway and stop to wait for take-off clearance.
21. Contact the tower and request take-off clearance by pressing the "", "F6" and "F4" keys.
22. Before starting the take-off roll, apply wheel brakes, increase power to 90% and monitor the engine performance for about 3 seconds to ensure normal engine operation. With final checks complete and no signs of trouble, release the brakes and increase power to 100%. Keep the aircraft rolling down the centerline by use of the rudders.
23. Once your speed climbs to 250 km/h., gently pull the stick and wait until the nose of the aircraft is raised to about 10 degrees. Maintain this angle. Once the VVI begins to show a positive rate of climb, raise the landing gear by pressing the "G" key and monitor the Mechanical Devices Indicator to ensure successful landing gear retraction.
24. As you pass 100 m. of altitude, retract the flaps by pressing the "F" key and increase the pitch angle to 20 degrees. The aircraft may sink slightly as the flaps are raised, so be ready to compensate if necessary but don't over-control.
25. Now that the aircraft is configured for normal flight, we will continue to gain airspeed and approach our assigned altitude and heading.
26. For more detailed information about the instrumentation and systems of the MiG-29, please reference the Flight Manual.
27. This concludes the taxi and take-off training lesson. Press the "ESC" key to take control of the aircraft or exit the lesson.
3. Valjak s krilcima
1. Welcome to the Aileron Roll training flight aboard the MiG-29. You can take control of the aircraft or exit the mission at any time by pressing the "ESC" key. To pause the lesson, press the "PAUSE" key.
2. The aileron roll is one of the most well-known aircraft maneuvers, during which, the plane rolls 360 degrees around its axis.
3. Here's an example of what an aileron rolls looks like.
4. The aileron roll is fundamental to other more complex maneuvers including inverted flight or the Immelman turn. We'll discuss those in later lessons.
5. To practice, take note of your flight parameters: in this case an altitude of 1,000 m., an airspeed 700 km/h., and a heading of 270 degrees.
6. To perform an aileron roll, pull slightly back on the stick to pitch the nose up to about 8 degrees, then return the stick to neutral. Slowly roll the aircraft to the left and note that when the aircraft is inverted, the nose will drop to the horizon. Stop the roll by pushing the stick back to the right and make adjustments to return the aircraft to a wings-level.
7. If the maneuver is flown correctly, the aircraft should not deviate significantly from its initial flight parameters.
8. Now it's time for you to try an aileron roll.
4. Razdvojeni-S i Imelman
1. Good morning. Today we're in the cockpit of the A-10 passing over a training range where we will practice the Split-S and Immelman Turn maneuvers. These are famous air combat maneuvers invented during the first World War and still used today.
2. You can take control of the aircraft at any point or exit the mission by pressing the "ESC" key. If you need to pause the lesson, press the "PAUSE" key.
3. The Immelman and the Split-S are simple but effective vertical maneuvers that allow a rapid reversal of heading.
4. The Split-S exchanges altitude for speed and is often an effective method of extending out of a fight.
5. The Immelman exchanges speed for altitude and is useful for "hit and run" tactics.
6. To perform a Split-S, you'll first need to perform half an aileron roll to become inverted and then pull back on the stick to initiate a dive while reducing engine power to avoid gaining too much speed.
7. Keep the stick held back until the aircraft approaches the horizon and then return the stick to neutral to level out.
8. To perform an Immelman Turn, first move the throttles to full power.
9. From level flight and at least an airspeed of 330 km/h, pull back on the stick to begin the climb.
10. Keep the stick pulled back until the aircraft begins to approach the horizon on its back. As the pitch ladder reaches positive 10 degrees of pitch, perform a half an aileron roll to level out.
11. Now it's time for you to try a Split-S and an Immelman Turn.
5. Vizualno slijetanje
1. Welcome to the Visual Approach training flight in the Su-25.
2. You can take over control of the aircraft at any time or exit the mission by pressing the "ESC" key. To pause the lesson, press the "PAUSE" key.
3. Our aircraft is not carrying any external stores and is loaded with only 50% of fuel capacity. Our current weight is 11 tones. We are currently in level flight at 600 m. with an airspeed of 500 km/h. We are on the base leg to finals for runway 04 of Krymsk airfield.
4. A visual approach is possible in good visibility conditions with no clouds or fog around the airfield.
5. It's very important to monitor the surrounding airspace. Control the aircraft visually by referencing the horizon to parts of the cockpit and canopy railing, while routinely checking your flight instruments, including airspeed, altitude, and vertical velocity.
6. Let's reduce our power to Idle.
7. Once the airspeed drops below 370 km/h, extend the landing gear by pressing the "G" key. Monitor the Mechanical Devices Indicator to check that the gear has been extended and locked, indicated by the 3 green lights.
8. Slow down to around 350 km/h and extend the flaps to the maneuver position by pressing the "F" key. As the flaps extend, the nose may pitch up slightly. Compensate for this by carefully pushing forward on the stick. The aircraft will continue to slow down.
9. When airspeed drops to 320 km/h, extend the flaps to "full flaps" by pressing "Shift-F" and increase engine power to 70%.
10. Before turning on final, check again for any traffic in your airspace. The turn starts when the runway is off your wing.
11. To maintain correct glideslope, keep engine power between 50 and 60% RPM and maintain a descent rate between 3 and 4 m/s with an airspeed of around 270 km/h.
12. After configuring the aircraft for landing and stabilizing the approach, trim the flight controls.
13. The easiest way to maintain correct glideslope is to keep the flare point, which should be about 100 meters prior to the runway threshold, at the same relative position at the center of the HUD. This will ensure a precise approach toward the flare point.
14. If the flare point begins to drift downward from the HUD reference point, the aircraft is climbing above glideslope and you will need to reduce power. If the flare point is drifting upward, you will need to increase power.
15. As we approach the runway, reduce speed to 260 km/h as you pass over the runway threshold. Slowly reduce engine power to Idle. As airspeed bleeds off, slowly increase pitch until you reach the correct landing pitch angle and wait for the main gears to touch down.
16. The main gears have touched down. After lowering the nose gear, release the braking chute by pressing the "P" key and apply the wheel brakes by pressing the "W" key.
17. Now slow down to taxi speed.
18. An important note to remember is that the heavier the aircraft is, the higher the approach and landing speed will be.
19. We'll now taxi off the main runway and switch the landing lights to taxi by pressing "RAlt-L".
20. To prevent the aircraft from rolling onto its wings during taxi turns, the Su-25 should not be turned greater than 10 km/h.
21. Retract the flaps and shut down the engines by pressing "RALT-End" and "RCTRL-End".
Turn off the navigation lights by pressing "RCTRL-L".
22. Isn't it nice to be able to relax in your seat and feel the cool breeze after a safe landing? ;-)
23. This concludes our visual landing training lesson.
| Autorska prava © Eagle Dynamics, 2010. Sva prava pridržana. |
